(formerly Y20.5804, Renaissance to Revolution, and Y20.5805, The 19th Century) Explores the foundations of modern civilization from the Renaissance through the social and intellectual revolutions of the mid-19th century. Topics include the awakening of humanist values, the fragmentation of Christendom, the development of early capitalist society, the consolidation of absolute monarchies, the rise of modern constitutional reform and political liberalism, the new sciences of the Enlightenment, the American and French Revolutions, and industrialization.